Blog time!
Today, I am so excited to introduce you to Old Low Franconian! I never had the opportunity to look at this particular Early Germanic Dialect before, so I had some great fun reading up for this post. I hope you’ll enjoy it as much as me!
So, off to our history lesson we go!
At the beginning of the Christian era, it seemed as if the Roman Empire was about to take over the heart of the Germanic area.
And perhaps they would have succeeded if it hadn’t been for the Franks.
As I am sure you’ve gathered by now, the Franks (like basically all the Germanic people) were aggressors in the ancient world. Though the Romans, bless their little hearts, really tried, they never quite managed to subjugate this Germanic people.
With the decay of Roman power in the third and fourth centuries, the previous border along the Rhine got some pressure from a newly formed Frankish federation. This was really just a loose agreement between a large number of tribes, consisting of three major subdivisions: the Salians, the Ripurians and the Hessians.
Rome did a reasonably decent job in holding this newly formed alliance at bay – until the end of the reign of Constantine I.
Then, in the mid-fourth century, Cologne fell to the Ripurians. And then the Salians took the Batavian islands and most of present-day North Brabant. Rome did manage to take back Cologne, but they didn’t push back the Salians. They were instead left to manage the lands they had taken, under their own rule (though officially a part of the Roman Empire, of course). The Salians, in exchange for this, were supposed to defend the area from other Germanic attacks.
You noticed the “supposed to” there, didn’t you? Yeah, turns out, the Salians pretty much sucked at defending, but they were very good at attacking. So, they soon broke across the Scheldt River into modern Brabant and continued south.
Must have been an ugly shock for the Romans, don’t you think?
In the fifth century, the Franks were steadily advancing in most areas. However, they clearly weren’t on bad terms with the Roman Empire because they stood with them in the legendary battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451. (The battle was against the Huns, check out more about it here).
It is possible that the leader of the Franks at this point was a man named Merovech – whom we actually know little about. However, we do know that he was a figure of legend to the Merovingian kings. His grandson Clovis (Chlodwig) is often recognised as the greatest of the Merovingians.
Why?
Well, he killed all the leaders of all the subtribes of the Salians and Ripurians. By doing so, he made himself the undisputed king of all the Franks.
And then, he expanded his territory.
Under Clovis, the Franks controlled present-day France down to the Loire and other Germanic groups soon learned to respect his power. When he died, he thus left behind a strong, united country.
Eeeexcept…
An ancient custom among the Franks was that the country had to be divided equally among the king’s sons, of which Clovis had four. Not exactly the best way to get a nice family dinner going. So, after some murder and treason (because, you know, talking about it never solved anything), the remaining son, Chlotar I, ascended the throne as the undisputed king.
Despite this little family feud, the Franks had continued to spread and had managed to conquer the Burgundians, Thuringians, and Bavarians.
And then he died in 561, leaving behind four sons, and it all started over again.
This time, though, it took such a long time to work it out that no king ascended the throne until 613. At this point, the Frankish nobles were quite disenchanted with the family and left their “kings” to play at country estates, far beyond the reach of actual power.
The administrators of the three (semi-)autonomous districts of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy, the so-called “Mayors of the Palace”, now had most of the real power. During the 7th century, the line of Pippin I, the mayor of Austrasia, came to preeminence.
Pippin I was succeeded by Pippin II who was succeeded by his illegitimate son Charles Martel.
Martel, perhaps the greatest of the mayors, strengthened the internal borders, put an end to the Muslim expansion northward into Europe and expanded the Frankish sphere into Frisia (as well as exacted a tribute from the Saxons).
Eventually, though, Martel died as well and his son, Pippin the Short, came to power. He wasn’t quite satisfied with being just a mayor and quickly deposed the last of the Merovingian kings. Then, he had himself anointed king of the Franks.
Impressive as that is, though, what we really care about is what came after Pippin…
On Christmas Day in the year 800, Pippin’s son was crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
Enter… Charlemagne.
Charlemagne did many things during his ruling years and I won’t take up too much time here – the history lesson has already gone on long enough. However, while I might talk about all of Charlemagne’s military triumphs, I will instead send a note of thank you to the man.
You see, it is partly thanks to Charlemagne that we have so much information on the Early Germanic Dialects. Charlemagne was a man of culture and an avid encourager of textual prowess. As such, it is (partly) thanks to him that our literary culture developed the way it did.
I’ll stop my history lesson there and, instead, go over on a language-related topic.
But I won’t go directly onto our usual listing of features in Old Low Franconian. First, I must warn you about a certain bit of trickiness when it comes to this particular language: it might occasionally seem to be different languages.
Yeah, I know, that’s a bit confusing.
With the expanding Frankish empire, you may come across references to Old West Low Franconian (also called Old Dutch) and Old East Low Franconian. But that’s not all: there are several dialects in modern-day Germany that are called “Franconian”.
It is easy to think that the Franks actually spoke two different languages but this, to quote Robinson, “is faulty reasoning”.
First, the two dialects were likely no more different than dialects in Old English or Old High German and their similarities are such that it often is troublesome to separate between them. As a result, many don’t make the distinction anymore, simply calls them Old Dutch and move on with their lives.
Next, the Franconian dialects in the German area. These are spoken along the Rhine between Cologne and the border between Germany and the Netherlands. During the 19th and 20th centuries, these dialects have gradually been replaced by Standard German. The Franconian dialects are occasionally grouped together with Low German.
But, there are a couple of things missing for us to be able to do so.
The trick, you see, to check which dialect belongs to which language: Check if it underwent the High German Consonant Shift (which we’ll talk more about next week)!
On that note, off to language we go!
Let’s start with consonants, as per usual.
Most are unsurprising in comparison to what we might expect.
A couple of things that I should mention though…
- The letter sequence <sc> is occasionally replaced by <sch> which might indicate that it was pronounced as [sx].
- The combination <th> likely represented the voiced fricative [ð], tending toward the direction of [d]. We, therefore, find spellings like ward and warth, both meaning became.
- The letter h is similar to those found in other languages: syllable-finally and before consonants, it was pronounced [x]; otherwise, it was pronounced [h]
and finally: - The letter <g> was probably pronounced as the stop [g] after a nasal or when geminated (doubled). Otherwise, it was most likely the fricative [x] or possibly [ɣ].
Let’s move on to vowels, shall we?
Again, there are very few surprises in store here.
Old Low Franconian has the vowels i, e, a, o, u, both long and short. So far, no surprises.
But they also had a number of diphthongs: ei, ou, ie, uo and io, the last sometimes alternating with ia.
However, something you must remember when you’re studying old languages is that, as Angus McIntosh wrote:
.
Whatever we may claim to know is derived indirectly ; by
– Angus McIntosh, (1956)
making a study of written material and drawing certain conclusions from it
The analysis of written Middle English, page 27
.
Although McIntosh spoke specifically about English, the statement, I believe, holds true for any language that does not survive in modern-day.
And so, linguists have looked at the evidence in the form of surviving texts and have reached the conclusion that, although we do have six spellings that appear to indicate diphthongs, only in the first two would be pronounced as the individual vowel components would indicate.
In the others, there is some evidence to suggest that the second component had weakened to [ə], or tended in that general direction. This means, linguists have concluded, that the last four spellings actually only indicated two diphthongs: [iə] and [uə].
A few more short notes and then, I think, it’s time to call it quits.
- Unlike Old English and Old Frisian, Old Low Franconian kept West Germanic [a:] (from Proto-Germanic [æ:]) as [a:]. We therefore get:
Old Low Franconian Gothic English translation gāuon gēbun 'they gave' jār jēr 'year' - In Old Low Franconian, the original Germanic diphthongs ai and au developed in two ways:
– The diphthong ai becomes the monophthong [e:] before r and w (and possibly also before h and in final position). In other positions, it is reflected as ei (e.g. Old Low Franconian stein opposite Gothic stains or Old English stān.
– Similarly, the diphthong au becomes [o:] before h, r, any dental consonant, or in final position. Elsewhere, it becomes ou. - There is no evidence of sharpening in Old Low Franconian.
- But it has undergone rhotacism.
Aaand, I’ll stop there.
Gosh, I had a lot to say about Old Low Franconian in the end, didn’t I?!
I do hope that you found it as interesting as I did, and if you did, do tune in again next week, when we take a look at our final Early Germanic Dialect: Old High German!
.
References
As always, I refer you to my primary source: Robinson, Orrin W. Old English and its closest relatives from 1992.
For this post, I have also taken a look at:
McIntosh, Angus. 1956. The analysis of written Middle English. Transactions of the Philological Society. Volume 55. Issue 1.
Pages 26-55.
The SciHi Blog’s entry on the battle of the Catalaunian Plains.
and
Wikipedia’s entry on Low Franconian languages.